Lesson 1 Reviewing the Applications of Dc Theory/

Ac Theory, 3E

3rd Edition
Author: NJATC

A n ideal resource for anyone seeking a fundamental noesis of AC theory .

Designed to provide readers with a thorough introduction to Alternating Current electrical characteristics and circuit construction, AC THEORY, third edition explores the complexities of this more than advanced circuit theory by building on the basics established in Direct Current (DC) Theory.

The book begins with an overview of the primary components of Air conditioning circuits, such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors, and and then gradually introduces new, more than complicated topics like applying Ac principles in power generation and generators, parallel and combination circuits, troubleshooting and evaluation of excursion conditions, and more.

With the aforementioned reader-friendly approach and practical examples that made previous editions so successful, this updated 3rd edition uses the most current technologies and trends to provide an ideal resource for anyone seeking a primal knowledge of AC theory.

Features:

• NEW! Illustrates key concepts with enhanced 3-dimensional images.
• Builds on students' cognition by following a articulate, logical progression from simplest concepts to more advanced principles.
• "Technical Tips" explain industry practices and trade jargon to develop practical understanding.
• Sidebars offering a true-to-life context for the topics covered through boosted references, applications, and highlights of general involvement to continue the theory more than interesting and applicable.
• NEW! Makes powerful connections between theory and practice with the addition of new existent-globe examples.
• NEW! Updated, dynamic fine art to further clarify written examples.

Most the Writer:

National Joint Apprenticeship Training Committee:

NJATC develops and standardizes training for National Electric Contractors Clan and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, which represents more than 780,000 members working in a broad variety of fields around Northward America.

Contents:

Affiliate 1 Introduction to Alternating Electric current 1

Outline 1
Overview two
Objectives 2
Electron Theory 3
one.1 Electron Menstruum Theory 4
one.2 Sources of Electric Energy 4
Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 6
Ohm�s Law viii
1.iii Cross-Sectional Expanse and Resistance eight
one.4 Boil Currents 10
one.five Peel Effect 10
DC Circuit Assay 11
1.half dozen Serial Circuits 11
i.7 Parallel Circuits 12
i.viii Combination Circuits 14
1.ix Ohm�s Law and Power 15
Voltage Drop in Wire 16
Permanent Magnets 18
1.10 Electromagnetism eighteen
ane.11 Magnetic Coils 21
Magnetism, Conductors, and Movement 22
1.12 Air-conditioning and DC Generators 23
Summary 25
Review Questions 25
Exercise Problems 25

Chapter 2 Product of the AC Sine Wave 27

Outline 27
Overview 28
Objectives 28
Ac Generators 29
Instantaneous Value of a Sine Wave 32
AC Sine Wave Measurements 33
ii.1 Height and Peak-to-Peak 33
ii.2 RMS 34
2.iii Boilerplate 35
Structure of AC Generators 38
Revolving Armature Air-conditioning Generators 38
Alternator Structure 39
Revolving Field AC Generator 39
Generator Excitation forty
Multiple Pole Generators 41
Summary 43
Review Questions 43
Exercise Issues 44

Chapter 3 Inductors, Self Induction, Inductive Reactance, and Impedance 45

Outline 45
Overview 46
Objectives 46
Inductance 47
Inductors 47
Theory of Cocky-Consecration 47
Lenz�s Law 50
Henry 52
Physical Factors Affecting Inductance 52
iii.one Number of Turns of Wire 52
3.2 Spacing between the Turns 52
3.3 Cross-Sectional Expanse of the Core 54
three.4 Permeability of the Cadre Material 54
Inductive Reactance 55
Lagging Electric current 56
Impedance 58
Summary 62
Review Questions 62

Chapter 4 Resistors and Inductors in Series 63

Outline 63
Overview 64
Objectives 64
Inductors Connected in Series 65
Inductors with Aiding or Opposing Fields 67
Impedance of an Inductor 69
Q of a Whorl 70
Resistors and Coils in Series lxx
4.ane One Resistor and Coil 70
four.ii Resistors and a Scroll 71
4.3 Two Coils in Serial 72
4.iv Resistors and Inductors in Serial 73
Total Z, E and I and Component Z, E and I in a Series Circuit 76
Ability Factor, Phase Angle, and Watts in a Series Excursion 79
Types of Ability 80
4.v Truthful Power 80
4.half dozen Reactive Power 81
4.7 Apparent Ability 82
4.eight Power Factor 82
Variations in Circuit Values 83
Rise Time of Inductor Current 84
Exponential Rates and Time Constants 86
Summary 87
Review Questions 87

Chapter 5 Capacitors, Capacitance, and Capacitive Reactance 89

Outline 89
Overview 90
Objectives 90
Capacitance 91
v.1 Schematic Symbols and Markings 91
Capacitance Formulas 92
Capacitor Construction and Ratings 92
5.2 Concrete Characteristics 91
Theory of Capacitive Action 94
Electrostatic Charge 95
Voltage and Current Relationship in a Capacitor 96
Capacitors and Current 96
Voltage Ratings 98
five.3 The Furnishings of Dielectric Thickness 99
Dielectric Characteristics 100
five.4 Dielectric Stress 100
v.5 Dielectric Constants 100
Number of Plate Interactions 101
Capacitor Types 104
5.6 Electrolytic 104
5.7 Oil-Filled Capacitors 105
Testing Capacitors 105
Charge and Discharge Rates 106
Capacitive Reactance 109
5.8 Capacitive Reactance Formula 111
Calculating Capacitance from Capacitive Reactance 113
Summary 115
Review Questions 116
Practice Issues 116

Chapter 6 Capacitors and Resistors in Series 117

Outline 117
Overview 118
Objectives 118
Capacitors in Serial 119
Series Capacitor Formulas 120
Capacitive Reactance in Series 122
Resistive Capacitive Series Circuits 122
Impedance 124
half dozen.1 Adding Series Components 124
Calculating Voltage Drops for Series RC Components 126
Impedance and Voltage Triangles for RC Circuits 128
Ability 129
6.2 Angle Theta 131
The Effects of Charging Variables on RC Circuits 133
Summary 136
Review Questions 136
Do Problems 137

Chapter vii RLC Serial Circuits 139

Outline 139
Overview 140
Objectives 140
RLC Serial Circuits 141
7.one Circuit Calculations 141
7.2 Voltage Drop 143
7.3 Power in RLC Series Circuits 146
7.iv Power Factor 148
Frequency Effects and Serial Resonance 148
Series Excursion with Ringlet Resistance 150
Summary 156
Review Questions 156
Do Problems 157

Affiliate viii Parallel RL Circuits 159

Outline 159
Overview 160
Objectives 160
Review of Parallel Circuit Laws 161
Inductors Continued in Parallel 161
Inductive Reactance in Parallel 162
Pure Inductors (High Q) and Resistors in Parallel 164
Coils with Impedance in Parallel with Resistors 165
Current, Impedance, Voltage, and Power 167
viii.1 Impedance of the Excursion 168
viii.2 Voltage of the Circuit 168
eight.iii Power in this Excursion 168
Multiple Coils with Wire Resistance and Resistors in Parallel 171
Summary 174
Review Questions 174
Practise Problems 174

Chapter ix Parallel RC Circuits 175

Outline 175
Overview 176
Objectives 176
Capacitors in Parallel 177
Capacitive Reactance in Parallel 178
RC Parallel Circuits 180
Circuit Values 180
9.1 Excursion Currents 180
9.2 Circuit Impedance 182
Voltage 182
Power in RC Parallel Ac Circuits 182
9.3 Apparent Power 183
nine.4 Reactive Power 183
Power Factor 184
Angle Theta (θ) 184
Multiple Resistors and Capacitors in Parallel 184
Furnishings on Changing Circuit Variables 187
Summary 188
Review Questions 188
Practice Bug 189

Chapter x Parallel RLC Circuits 191

Outline 191
Overview 192
Objectives 192
Parallel RLC Circuits 193
Calculating Parallel RLC Circuit Values 194
10.1 Resistive Current 194
x.ii Inductive Current 194
10.3 Inductance 195
10.4 Capacitive Electric current 195
ten.5 Capacitance 195
ten.6 Impedance 195
Total Circuit Calculations 197
10.seven Total Current 197
10.8 Alternating Fashion to Calculate Full Electric current 198
Power Calculations 198
ten.nine True Power 199
x.10 Reactive (VAR) Power 199
10.11 Credible Power 200
Power Factor 200
Angle Theta (θ) 201
Determining Impedance Using the Assumed Voltage Method 201
Parallel Resonant Circuits 203
Summary 206
Review Questions 206
Practice Problems 207

Affiliate 11 Combination Parallel RLC Circuits 209

Outline 209
Overview 210
Objectives 210
Combination RLC Circuits 211
Circuit Analysis: Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance 211
xi.1 Parallel Component Vector Add-on 212
Excursion Full Vector Improver 213
Voltage Drop Calculations for Combination Circuits 214
Power Calculations 216
Series Circuits in Parallel 218
Ability Factor Correction 219
Complex Excursion Evaluation 221
11.ii Impedance Calculation 222
eleven.three Voltage Adding 223
11.four Power Calculations 224
A Forensic Evaluation 224
Summary 226
Review Questions 226
Practise Issues 227

Chapter 12 Air conditioning Filter Circuits 229

Outline 229
Overview 230
Objectives 230
Filter Functioning and Classification 231
12.1 Filter Functioning 231
12.ii Filter Classification 231
Low-Laissez passer Filters 232
12.3 Half-Power Point 234
12.four Anterior Depression-Pass Filter 236
12.5 Capacitive Low-Laissez passer Filter 236
12.half dozen Combined LC Low-Pass Filter 237
High-Pass Filters 238
12.7 Capacitive High-Pass Filter 240
12.8 Inductive Loftier-Pass Filter 241
12.ix Combined LC Loftier-Pass Filter 242
Ring-Pass Filters 243
12.10 Serial RLC Band-Pass Filter 244
12.11 Band-Laissez passer Filter with Parallel Load 245
Ring-Reject Filters 247
12.12 Band-Pass up Filter with Parallel Load 248
Complex Filters 249
12.13 T-Blazon Filter 249
12.14 -Type Filter 250
12.15 Other Complex Filters 251
Summary 252
Review Questions 252
Practise Problems 253

Affiliate xiii Generators 255

Outline 255
Overview 256
Objectives 256
Induction by Magnetism 257
Generator Characteristics 257
Sine Wave Generation and Conversion to DC 259
13.ane Commutating the Output of an Air conditioning Armature 260
Major Generator Components 262
13.2 Brushes 263
13.iii Field Windings 264
13.four Pole Pieces 264
Generator Connection Types 265
13.5 Series Generators 265
thirteen.half-dozen Shunt Generators 266
13.vii Compound Generators 267
Generator Losses 269
Armature Reaction 270
Paralleling DC Generators 272
AC Generator Principles of Functioning 272
Construction of Air-conditioning Generators 274
13.viii Revolving Armature AC Generators 275
xiii.nine Revolving Field Air conditioning Generators 276
Rotor Construction 277
13.10 Salient Pole Structure 277
13.11 Circular Rotor Construction 278
Excitation Systems 279
13.12 Permanent Magnet Fields 279
xiii.13 DC Electromagnetic Field 279
Generator Cooling 281
Frequency and Output Voltage 282
Output Voltage, Frequency, and Power 283
Paralleling AC Generators 283
Summary 287
Review Questions 288
Practice Problems 288

Affiliate 14 AC Motors 289

Outline 289
Overview 290
Objectives 290
Motor Activeness 291
Single-Phase Ac Motors 292
Synchronous Speed 294
Induction Motor 294
Motor Variations 296
Three-Stage Motors 297
14.ane Rotating Magnetic Field of a Wye-Connected Motor 298
14.two Three-Phase Delta Motor 300
Iii-Stage Induction Rotor 302
Generator Result in a Motor 302
Variable Frequency Drives 302
Summary 306
Review Questions 306
Chapter 15 Transformers 307
Outline 307
Overview 308
Objectives 308
Principles of Transformation 309
Voltage, Current, and Power Characteristics 310
Calculations for Primary and Secondary 311
Characteristics of Transformer Operation 314
Transformer Impedance 317
Transformer Atomic number 82 Mark 319
Single-Phase Transformer Connections 321
Multi-Gyre Transformers 323
3-Phase Transformer Connections 324
Summary 328
Review Questions 328

Appendix A Mathematics: Using Vectors Effectively 329

Glossary 341

Index 345

iii84 Pages - 8-1/ii x 11 in. - Hardcover
Copyright 2011

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